Understanding Risk and Protective Factors for Substance Use

Preventing substance misuse among youth involves recognizing the factors that increase risk and those that build resilience. The following information outlines key biological and social risk factors that can contribute to substance use, along with protective factors that help reduce vulnerability and support healthy development. By promoting awareness and proactive strategies, families, schools, and communities can work together to foster environments where young people can thrive.

1. Family History (Biological Factor)

Risk: Having a family history (parent, grandparent, etc.) of alcohol and other drug abuse.
Protective Factors:

• Strong family bonds and communication

• Parental involvement and supervision

• Clear family rules and expectations about substance use

• Positive role models within the family or community

2. Mental Health Conditions (Biological Factor)

Risk: Having diagnosed mental health conditions like: Anxiety, ADHD, depression, etc.,
Protective Factors:

• Access to mental health care and early intervention

• Emotional regulation skills and coping strategies

• Supportive relationships with trusted adults or mentors

• Participation in activities that support mental wellness (e.g., sports, clubs, creative arts)

3. Early Use (Biological + Social Factors)

Risk: Early use (prior to age 21) of alcohol, marijuana or other drugs increases addiction risk and brain impact.
Protective Factors:

• Delayed onset of substance use (the later a person starts, the better)

• School and community programs promoting healthy choices

• Consistent education about the risks of early use

• Involvement in structured, supervised activities

4. Trauma (Social Factor)

Risk: Experiencing trauma as a child or youth increases susceptibility to substance misuse.  This includes physical, emotional, or sexual abuse, neglect or witnessing violences.
Protective Factors:

• Trauma-informed care and counseling

• Stable, safe, and supportive home or school environments

• Opportunities to build resilience and process emotions

• Strong, positive relationships with adults or peers

5. Compounding Risk

Risk: Multiple risk factors increase overall vulnerability.
Protective Factors:

• Building multiple layers of support (school, family, community)

• Consistent mentorship and positive peer influences

• Skills training (e.g., decision-making, refusal skills, goal setting)

• Fostering a strong sense of identity, purpose, and hope for the future